Association between tryptophan concentrations and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jing Zhang, Xia Jiang, Bo Pang, Dongyun Li, Longfei Kang, T N Zhou, Boyu Wang, Lihua Zheng, Chuan‐Min Zhou, Lei Zhang
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Metabolic regulation of various amino acids have been proven to be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The impact of tryptophan, an essential amino acid, on the risk of developing CVD has not been fully elucidated. AIMS: The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review evidence of the effects of tryptophan on CVD risk. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched to collect relevant trials from inception to August 2024. The means and hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted and pooled. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify pooled effect estimates, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of the pooled estimates. RESULTS: Data were collected from 34,370 people under follow-up for CVD events in 13 studies, including cohort studies and case-control studies. They were categorized into three groups on the basis of sample type and indicators: the plasma tryptophan level group, the plasma tryptophan CVD hazard group, and the urinary tryptophan CVD hazard group. The CVD included in this study were coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. Twelve studies on plasma tryptophan were meta-analyzed. The plasma tryptophan levels in CVD patients were generally lower than those in individuals without CVD (SMD = -8.57, 95%CI (-15.77, -1.37), P = 0.02). Decreased circulating tryptophan levels are associated with cardiovascular disease risk (HR = 0.85, 95%CI (0.78, 0.92), P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased circulating tryptophan levels are associated with an increased risk of CVD events. Intervention in circulating tryptophan levels may be indicated to help prevent CVD.