Metal–Organic Layers with Photosensitizer and Pyridine Pairs Activate Alkyl Halides for Photocatalytic Heck-Type Coupling with Olefins
Yingjie Fan, Abigail L. Blenko, Steven Labalme, Wenbin Lin
Abstract
Photochemical generation of alkyl radicals from haloalkanes often requires strong energy input from ultraviolet light or a strong photoreductant. Haloalkanes can alternatively be activated with nitrogen-based nucleophiles through a sequential S N 2 reaction and single-electron reduction to access alkyl radicals, but these two reaction steps have opposite steric requirements on the nucleophiles. Herein, we report the design of Hf 12 metal–organic layers (MOLs) with iridium-based photosensitizer bridging ligands and secondary-building-unit-supported pyridines for photocatalytic alkyl radical generation from haloalkanes. By bringing the photosensitizer and pyridine pairs in proximity, the MOL catalysts allowed facile access to the pyridinium salts from S N 2 reactions between haloalkanes and pyridines and at the same time enhanced electron transfer from excited photosensitizers to pyridinium salts to facilitate alkyl radical generation. Consequentially, the MOLs efficiently catalyzed Heck-type cross-coupling reactions between haloalkanes and olefinic substrates to generate functionalized alkenes. The MOLs showed 4.6 times higher catalytic efficiency than the homogeneous counterparts and were recycled and reused without a loss of catalytic activity.