Elongated neutrophil-derived structures are blood-borne microparticles formed by rolling neutrophils during sepsis
Alex Márki, Konrad Buscher, Cristina B. Lorenzini, Matthew Meyer, Ryosuke Saigusa, Zhichao Fan, Yi‐Ting Yeh, N Hartmann, Jennifer M. Dan, William B. Kiosses, Gregory J. Golden, Rajee Ganesan, Holger Winkels, Marco Orecchioni, Sara McArdle, Zbigniew Mikulski, Yoav Altman, Jack D. Bui, Mitchell Kronenberg, Shu Chien, Jeffrey D. Esko, Victor Nizet, David M. Smalley, Johannes Roth, Klaus Ley
Abstract
Rolling neutrophils form tethers with submicron diameters. Here, we report that these tethers detach, forming elongated neutrophil-derived structures (ENDS) in the vessel lumen. We studied ENDS formation in mice and humans in vitro and in vivo. ENDS do not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or DNA, but are enriched for S100A8, S100A9, and 57 other proteins. Within hours of formation, ENDS round up, and some of them begin to present phosphatidylserine on their surface (detected by annexin-5 binding) and release S100A8-S100A9 complex, a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that is a known biomarker of neutrophilic inflammation. ENDS appear in blood plasma of mice upon induction of septic shock. Compared with healthy donors, ENDS are 10-100-fold elevated in blood plasma of septic patients. Unlike neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles, most ENDS are negative for the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81. We conclude that ENDS are a new class of bloodborne submicron particles with a formation mechanism linked to neutrophil rolling on the vessel wall.