Saddle-point scrambling without thermalization
R. A. Kidd, Arghavan Safavi-Naini, J. F. Corney
Abstract
Out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) have proven to be a useful tool for studying thermalization in quantum systems. In particular, the exponential growth of OTOCS, or scrambling, is sometimes taken as an indicator of chaos in quantum systems, despite the fact that saddle points in integrable systems can also drive rapid growth in OTOCs. By analyzing the Dicke model and a driven Bose-Hubbard dimer, we demonstrate that the OTOC growth driven by chaos can, nonetheless, be distinguished from that driven by saddle points through the long-term behavior. Besides quantitative differences in the long-term average, the saddle point gives rise to large oscillations not observed in the chaotic case. The differences are also highlighted by entanglement entropy, which in the chaotic-driven dimer matches a Page curve prediction. These results illustrate additional markers that can be used to distinguish chaotic behavior in quantum systems, beyond the initial exponential growth in OTOCs.