Body composition and functional capacity as determinants of physical activity in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional analysis
Matti Hyvärinen, Anna Kankaanpää, Timo Rantalainen, Taina Rantanen, Eija K. Laakkonen, Laura Karavirta
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Body composition and functional capacity are both related to physical activity, but the interplay is complex, as different body tissue types contribute differently on physical activity and functional capacity. To clarify the role of body composition and functional capacity as determinants of physical activity in aging, we investigated the associations of different body tissue types, muscle strength, and walking capacity with physical activity in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 1158 women aged 47-55 years, and community-dwelling 289 women and 196 men aged 75, 80, or 85 years. Their physical activity was assessed with accelerometers, muscle mass and muscle-free mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis, walking performance with a six-minute walking test, and muscle strength with maximal isometric knee extension test. The associations of muscle mass, muscle-free mass, walking performance, and muscle strength with physical activity were studied separately for middle-aged women, older women, and older men using linear regression and structural equation models. RESULTS: Total body mass and absolute muscle-free mass were inversely associated with the level of physical activity in all study groups. Furthermore, walking performance, muscle strength, and muscle mass relative to body weight, but not absolute muscle mass, were directly associated with the level of physical activity. The associations between the measures of body composition and physical activity were fully explained by the differences in functional capacity, as defined by both walking performance and muscle strength, in structural equation models. Functional capacity was strongly associated with higher levels of physical activity regardless of body composition, especially among older people: β = 0.70, SE = 0.10 for older women, β = 0.92, SE = 0.27 for older men, and β = 0.41, SE = 0.10 for middle-aged women. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced functional capacity may be a key factor limiting physical activity, with its impact becoming more pronounced as functional capacity declines with age. Based on these findings, maintaining and improving functional capacity is essential for promoting an active lifestyle in older adults.