Investigating the Role of HOTAIR and MALAT1 Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Relations With Bone Marrow Environment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Subtypes: Biomarkers and Treatment Response
Hero O. Hamad, Goran Othman, Ranan Kardagh
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs have recently emerged as major players in cancer by operating through complex structural and functional diversity in a wide range of cellular processes. Among these, certain lncRNAs, including MALAT1 and HOTAIR, have been in the limelight concerning AML for their important roles played in regulating gene expression that in turn influence the disease course of AML. This review summarizes the structure and classification of lncRNAs, mechanisms of action regarding cancer biology, and how lncRNAs such as MALAT1 and HOTAIR act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. It also examines intricate correlations among these lncRNAs and the bone marrow microenvironment with regard to effects on AML cell proliferation, migration, and survival. In the current review, the key pathways in AML, through which MALAT1 and HOTAIR drive cellular proliferation and epigenetic processes, are discussed in detail to point out possible therapeutic targets. The interactions between MALAT1 and HOTAIR within the bone marrow microenvironment suggest the diverse involvement of lncRNAs in AML and support their applications in biomarker development and as novel avenues for targeted therapies. This review thus represents a broad overview with the intention of furthering our understanding of the lncRNA-mediated pathways in AML and their use as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.