π‐Conjugated Small Molecules Modified SnO<sub>2</sub> Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells with over 23% Efficiency
Qiang Lou, Yufang Han, Chang Liu, Kanghui Zheng, Jinsheng Zhang, Xia Chen, Qingguo Du, Chong Chen, Ziyi Ge
Abstract
Abstract SnO 2 has been universally applied as electron transporting layer (ETL) towards the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), owing to its unique advantages including low‐temperature solution‐processability, high optical, transmittance and good electrical conductivity. Uncoordinated Sn‐dangling bonds on SnO 2 surface exist as deep traps to capture the photogenerated carriers, causing hysteresis and device instability. Fullerene derivatives, though being widely utilized as the passivator for SnO 2 , are highly prone to self‐aggregate due to their π‐cage structures, which hampers passivation. Herein, π‐conjugated n‐type small molecules with better film formation ability are innovatively designed, to improve passivation effectiveness. By exploring the interplay between molecular stacking of small molecules and charge transporting/recombination dynamics at the SnO 2 /perovskite interface, it is unveiled that a more compact molecular packing of the organic passivators yields superior interfacial characteristics, in terms of fewer trap states, lower charge recombination and higher electron transporting efficiency. An impressive PCE over 23% is achieved with the assistance of this new‐type SnO 2 ‐passivator, which is among the highest reported value for triple‐cation perovskite systems to date. This work offers an original concept for the design and synthesis of ETL passivators towards the development of high performance and stable PSCs.