High-Risk Sarcoidosis: A Focus on Pulmonary, Cardiac, Hepatic and Renal Advanced Diseases, as Well as on Calcium Metabolism Abnormalities
Dominique Israël‐Biet, Nicol Bernardinello, Jean Pastré, Claudio Tana, Paolo Spagnolo
Abstract
Although sarcoidosis is generally regarded as a benign condition, approximately 20-30% of patients will develop a chronic and progressive disease. Advanced pulmonary fibrotic sarcoidosis and cardiac involvement are the main contributors to sarcoidosis morbidity and mortality, with failure of the liver and/or kidneys representing additional life-threatening situations. In this review, we discuss diagnosis and treatment of each of these complications and highlight how the integration of clinical, pathological and radiological features may help predict the development of such high-risk situations in sarcoid patients.
Topics & Concepts
SarcoidosisMedicinePathologicalDiseaseIntensive care medicinePulmonary sarcoidosisLiver diseaseInternal medicineCardiologyPathologySarcoidosis and Beryllium Toxicity ResearchInterstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisAmyloidosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcomes