The role of <scp>SPP1</scp><sup>+</sup><scp>TAMs</scp> in cancer: Impact on patient prognosis and future therapeutic targets
Xiang Li, Jie Lian, Haibo Lu
Abstract
Abstract Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are a critical population of immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and significantly influence cancer progression, prognosis, and treatment. SPP1 + TAMs represent a tumor‐promoting subset of TAMs characterized by their ability to secrete osteopontin, along with various cytokines and chemokines, and to interact with a diverse array of ligands. Within the tumor microenvironment, SPP1 + TAMs are primarily localized to hypoxic and necrotic regions, as well as along the tumor margins. Studies have shown that SPP1 + TAMs promote tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. The infiltration of SPP1 + TAMs has been associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Furthermore, their presence may influence disease progression and treatment response. Targeting SPP1 + TAMs has the potential to reduce immunosuppression and augment immunotherapeutic efficacy, thereby contributing to improved treatment outcomes.