Plant infection by the necrotrophic fungus <i>Botrytis</i> requires actin‐dependent generation of high invasive turgor pressure
Tobias Müller, Jochem Bronkhorst, Jonas Müller, Nassim Safari, Matthias Hahn, Joris Sprakel, David Scheuring
Abstract
The devastating pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad spectrum of host plants, causing great socio-economic losses. The necrotrophic fungus rapidly kills plant cells, nourishing their wall and cellular contents. To this end, necrotrophs secrete a cocktail of cell wall degrading enzymes, phytotoxic proteins and metabolites. Additionally, many fungi produce specialized invasion organs that generate high invasive pressures to force their way into the plant cell. However, for most necrotrophs, including Botrytis, the biomechanics of penetration and its contribution to virulence are poorly understood. Here, we use a combination of quantitative micromechanical imaging and CRISPR-Cas-guided mutagenesis to show that Botrytis uses substantial invasive pressure, in combination with strong surface adherence, for penetration. We found that the fungus establishes a unique mechanical geometry of penetration that develops over time during penetration events, and which is actin cytoskeleton dependent. Furthermore, interference of force generation by blocking actin polymerization was found to decrease Botrytis virulence, indicating that also for necrotrophs, mechanical pressure is important in host colonization. Our results demonstrate for the first time mechanistically how a necrotrophic fungus such as Botrytis employs this 'brute force' approach, in addition to the secretion of lytic proteins and phytotoxic metabolites, to overcome plant host resistance.