Selective electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to dinitrogen: Mechanisms, catalysts, and challenges
Jiayu Chen, Aiguo Wu, Yongfeng Xie, Yumin Zhang, Hu Zheng, Wei Teng
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen (N 2 ) offers a sustainable, carbon-neutral approach to mitigate nitrate pollution by transforming nitrate into an environmentally benign end-product. While extensive research has focused on ammonia production, selective N 2 production remains challenging due to complex pathways, limitations in detection, and the difficulty of controlling reaction on the electrocatalysts . This review provides an overview of current progress in this field, focusing on mechanistic insights, N 2 detection methods, and advances in catalyst design . Various classes of electrocatalysts , including monometallic, bimetallic, and single-atom systems, oxide-based and carbon-based materials, examining how their structures regulate key intermediates and N N coupling. The influence of operational parameters such as applied potential, electrolyte, pH, and reactor design is also reviewed. Despite significant advances, challenges remain in understanding interfacial mechanisms and achieving high N 2 selectivity under realistic conditions. This review aims to offer timely insights and guidance for the future development of efficient electrocatalytic systems toward selective nitrate-to-N 2 conversion, advancing environmental remediation and sustainable nitrogen management.