Review of field methods for monitoring Asian bears
Michael F. Proctor, David L. Garshelis, Prachi Thatte, Robert Steinmetz, Brian Crudge, Bruce N. McLellan, William J. McShea, Dusit Ngoprasert, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Siew Te Wong, Sandeep Sharma, Angela K. Fuller, Nishith Dharaiya, Karine E. Pigeon, Gabriella Fredriksson, Dajun Wang, Sheng Li, Mei-Hsiu Hwang
Abstract
Efficient and effective monitoring methods are required to assess population status and gauge efficacy of conservation actions for threatened species. Here we review the spectrum of field methods useful for monitoring distribution, occupancy, abundance, and population trend for the five species of Asian terrestrial bears. Methods reviewed include expert opinion, local knowledge, bear sign, visual observations, camera traps, DNA-based methods (hair and scat derived), and radio telemetry. We examine the application of each method in terms of realizing specific