The Crystalline Behavior and Device Function of Nonfullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells
Jinqiu Xu, Francis Lin, Lei Zhu, Ming Zhang, Tianyu Hao, Guanqing Zhou, Ke Gao, Yecheng Zou, Gang Wei, Yuanping Yi, Alex K.‐Y. Jen, Yongming Zhang, Feng Liu
Abstract
Abstract The current research investigates the structure features and intermolecular interactions of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) in single crystal and thin films, as well as their solar cell applications. Guiding parameters and key intermolecular forces that lead to 2D brickwork or 3D web packing are identified. The atomic modification is shown as the key to induce hydrogen bonding or π–π stacking column, which results in different crystalline packing. The molecular assembly in thin film is initiated by hydrogen bonding, and completed by π–π stacking reorganization. The packing energy is seen as a guiding parameter that dictates the NFA crystalline morphology in blended thin films. The crystalline packing motif is not directly related with device efficiency. However, the crystalline morphology is the key parameter to influence exciton/carrier dynamics and device performance. A broader picture on the scaling behavior of organic semiconductor crystals ranging from oligoacenes to NFAs is established.