Comparing aerosol number and mass exhalation rates from children and adults during breathing, speaking and singing
Justice Archer, Lauren P. McCarthy, Henry E. Symons, Natalie A. Watson, Christopher M. Orton, William J. Browne, Joshua Harrison, Benjamin Moseley, Keir Philip, James D. Calder, Pallav L. Shah, Bryan R. Bzdek, Declan Costello, Jonathan P. Reid
Abstract
Aerosol particles of respirable size are exhaled when individuals breathe, speak and sing and can transmit respiratory pathogens between infected and susceptible individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus the need to improve the quantification of the particle number and mass exhalation rates as one route to provide estimates of viral shedding and the potential risk of transmission of viruses. Most previous studies have reported the number and mass concentrations of aerosol particles in an exhaled plume. We provide a robust assessment of the absolute particle number and mass exhalation rates from measurements of minute ventilation using a non-invasive Vyntus Hans Rudolf mask kit with straps housing a rotating vane spirometer along with measurements of the exhaled particle number concentrations and size distributions. Specifically, we report comparisons of the number and mass exhalation rates for children (12–14 years old) and adults (19–72 years old) when breathing, speaking and singing, which indicate that child and adult cohorts generate similar amounts of aerosol when performing the same activity. Mass exhalation rates are typically 0.002–0.02 ng s −1 from breathing, 0.07–0.2 ng s −1 from speaking (at 70–80 dBA) and 0.1–0.7 ng s −1 from singing (at 70–80 dBA). The aerosol exhalation rate increases with increasing sound volume for both children and adults when both speaking and singing.