Screening enzymatic extracts of Palmaria palmata based on composition and bioactivity

Abstract

This study evaluated enzymatic extracts of Palmaria palmata for protein, amino acid , and phenolic contents, as well as their bioactivity including in-vitro antioxidant (radical scavenging and metal ion chelation), antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition), and anti-obesity (porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition) properties. Three proteases including Alcalase®, Flavourzyme®, and Formea® Prime (trypsin) were applied at concentrations of 1 %, 2 %, and 3 % of protein content in biomass (% dry weight). The proteases were also investigated combined with a polysaccharidase (Celluclast®), either simultaneously or sequentially. The highest protein content and recovery were achieved when Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® were applied together (17.29 ± 0.17 % and 54.64 ± 1.53 %, respectively). Alcalase® generally produced extracts with higher protein, essential amino acids , and phenolic contents. Formea® Prime contributed to higher radical scavenging activities, with the Alcalase® and Formea® Prime combination showing the best radical scavenging (IC 50 = 1.04 ± 0.32 mg mL −1 ). However, the extracts exhibited limited metal chelation activity. The best α-glucosidase inhibition was observed with Formea® Prime (35.51 ± 2.98 %) and Alcalase® (26.16 ± 2.85 %) alone at 16 mg mL −1 . Extracts with higher arginine content generally showed greater lipase inhibition, with the highest inhibition seen in the Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® combination (44.23 ± 0.39 %). However, this extract was low in arginine concentration, suggesting the effect might be due to peptide-polyphenol interactions. Addition of Celluclast® did not enhance the properties of the extracts and, in some cases, reduced them. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that radical scavenging and anti-obesity properties are likely governed by protein and phenolic contents and specific amino acids.

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