Digital Inclusion for Rural Growth: Internet Usage and Smart Villages Development
Hemanta Doloi
Abstract
Though relatively new, the concept of smart villages empowers rural communities by providing essential amenities that support a self-sustaining lifestyle, reducing the need for migration to urban areas. As climate change intensifies, maintaining the current urban-to-rural population ratio of 60:40 is crucial in mitigating global warming and ensuring planetary sustainability ( United Nations (UN), 2017 , World Population and Housing Census Program ). The increasing adoption and use of the internet play a pivotal role in socio-economic development, particularly in rural areas where connectivity has the potential to transform lives. Enhanced digital access can empower communities, foster economic growth and curb urban migration. However, despite its recognised importance, rural regions struggle with inadequate internet access and usage. This study examines internet adaptation and usage patterns in rural areas, focusing on Assam, a state in north-eastern India where the digital divide hampers progress in education, healthcare and economic activities. Data were collected from 2,058 households across 12 villages, analysing mobile phone ownership, internet service quality and usage trends. The findings reveal that while approximately 75% of the surveyed population has mobile phone services, only 19% report internet access, and a mere 9% consider the internet quality satisfactory. Among those with connectivity, the primary uses include social networking (90%), education (85%) and entertainment (85%), followed by work-related activities (60%) and online shopping (40%). Despite the potential benefits of digital inclusion, infrastructure deficiencies, affordability constraints and limited digital literacy remain significant barriers to widespread internet adoption. The study further highlights that, for many rural residents, improved internet access is not yet a top priority compared to pressing needs such as clean water and sanitation. However, the research underscores the transformative potential of internet connectivity in fostering smart village development. By providing valuable insights into the relationship between digital adaptation and sustainable rural development, this study offers a framework for addressing connectivity challenges in similar global contexts.