Reduced nicotinamide mononucleotide is a new and potent NAD <sup>+</sup> precursor in mammalian cells and mice
Rubén Zapata‐Pérez, Alessandra Tammaro, Bauke V. Schomakers, Angelique M. L. Scantlebery, Simone Denis, Hyung L. Elfrink, Judith Giroud‐Gerbetant, Carles Cantó, Carmen López‐Leonardo, Rebecca L. McIntyre, Michel van Weeghel, Álvaro Sánchez‐Ferrer, Riekelt H. Houtkooper
Abstract
Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) homeostasis is constantly compromised due to degradation by NAD + ‐dependent enzymes. NAD + replenishment by supplementation with the NAD + precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) can alleviate this imbalance. However, NMN and NR are limited by their mild effect on the cellular NAD + pool and the need of high doses. Here, we report a synthesis method of a reduced form of NMN (NMNH), and identify this molecule as a new NAD + precursor for the first time. We show that NMNH increases NAD + levels to a much higher extent and faster than NMN or NR, and that it is metabolized through a different, NRK and NAMPT‐independent, pathway. We also demonstrate that NMNH reduces damage and accelerates repair in renal tubular epithelial cells upon hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Finally, we find that NMNH administration in mice causes a rapid and sustained NAD + surge in whole blood, which is accompanied by increased NAD + levels in liver, kidney, muscle, brain, brown adipose tissue, and heart, but not in white adipose tissue. Together, our data highlight NMNH as a new NAD + precursor with therapeutic potential for acute kidney injury, confirm the existence of a novel pathway for the recycling of reduced NAD + precursors and establish NMNH as a member of the new family of reduced NAD + precursors.