Paving the Way toward Highly Efficient, High-Energy Potassium-Ion Batteries with Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Michele Fiore, Samuel Wheeler, Kevin Hurlbutt, Isaac Capone, Jack Fawdon, Riccardo Ruffο, Mauro Pasta
Abstract
Potassium-ion batteries (KIB) are a promising complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries because of the comparative abundance and affordability of potassium. Currently, the most promising KIB chemistry consists of a potassium manganese hexacyanoferrate (KMF) cathode, a Prussian blue analog, and a graphite anode (723 W h l–1 and 359 W h kg–1 at 3.6 V). No electrolyte has yet been formulated that is concurrently stable at the high operating potential of KMF (4.02 V vs K+/K) and compatible with K+ intercalation into graphite, currently the most critical hurdle to adoption. Here, we combine a KMF cathode and a graphite anode with a KFSI in Pyr1,3FSI ionic liquid electrolyte for the first time and show unprecedented performance. We use high-throughput techniques to optimize the KMF morphology for operation in this electrolyte system, achieving 119 mA h g–1 at 4 V vs K+/K and a Coulombic efficiency of >99.3%. In the same ionic liquid electrolyte, graphite shows excellent electrochemical performance and we demonstrate reversible cycling by operando X-ray diffraction. These results are a significant and essential step forward toward viable potassium-ion batteries.