New Keratoconus Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Case—Control Study
Eloi Debourdeau, Gabriel Planells, Chloé Chamard, David Touboul, Max Villain, Pascal Demoly, Fanny Babeau, Pierre Fournié, Vincent Daïen
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate risk factors associated with keratoconus in a monocentric cross-sectional case-control study. Methods. This observational study occurred from June 2019 to February 2021 in a university hospital (France). The case group consisted of 195 patients with keratoconus in at least one eye who were followed up by a corneal specialist. The control group consisted of 195 patients without any evidence of keratoconus on slit-lamp examination and corneal topography, who were matched 1 : 1 to controls by age and sex. Data were collected by a self-completed paper questionnaire before the consultation, and a multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations of keratoconus with family history (odds ratio [OR] = 22.2, <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo><</a:mo> <a:mn>0.001</a:mn> </a:math> ), rubbing eyes (OR = 10.9, <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>p</c:mi> <c:mo><</c:mo> <c:mn>0.001</c:mn> </c:math> ), allergy (any kind) (OR = 3.80, <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mi>p</e:mi> <e:mo><</e:mo> <e:mn>0.001</e:mn> </e:math> ), smoking exposure (OR = 2.08, <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>p</g:mi> <g:mo>=</g:mo> <g:mn>0.017</g:mn> </g:math> ), and dry eyes (OR = 1.77, <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mi>p</i:mi> <i:mo>=</i:mo> <i:mn>0.045</i:mn> </i:math> f). The worst eye was associated with the more rubbed eye ( <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mi>p</k:mi> <k:mo><</k:mo> <k:mn>0.001</k:mn> </k:math> ) and the more pressed eye during the night according to sleeping position ( <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <m:mi>p</m:mi> <m:mo><</m:mo> <m:mn>0.041</m:mn> </m:math> ). Conclusion. This study confirmed the association between keratoconus and eye rubbing, family history, and allergy. It highlighted the role of pressure on the eyes during sleep. Other less known risk factors such as dry eyes and smoking exposure should be explored in future studies.