Palliative effect of dietary common sage leaves against toxic impacts of nonylphenol in Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var specularis): Growth, gene expression, immune-antioxidant status, and histopathological alterations
Afaf N. Abdel Rahman, Shereen Mahmoud, Tarek Khamis, Nesma Rasheed, Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed, Rania Ghanem, Dina Mohamed Mansour, Tamer Ahmed Ismail, Heba H. Mahboub
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a common toxicant that constitutes a potential hazard to the aquatic system. This study assessed the protective role of Salvia officinalis leaves powder (SOLP) against NP toxicity. We addressed mortalities, growth retardation, hepato-renal dysfunction, immune-antioxidant suppression, histopathological degeneration, and gene down-regulation induced by NP-toxicity. And the potential activity of SOLP against these negative impacts in Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var specularis). Acute toxicity assay (static 96-h) was primarily performed to investigate the 96-h LC50 of NP in C. carpio and it was recorded at 1.01 mg/L reckoned by Finney probit analysis. Fish (N = 240) were assigned to 4 treatments for 2 months. The first (control) and the second (SOLP) groups were fed on basal diets that were enriched with 0.0 and 4 g/kg of diet SOLP without NP exposure. The third (NP) and fourth (SOLP+NP) groups were provided with the same diets plus exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h-LC50 of NP (0.1 mg/L). The outcomes revealed that NP induced higher mortalities (46), significantly (p < 0.05) reduced growth, serum immune (nitric oxide and immunoglobulin M), and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase and catalase) values. Moreover, down-regulation of immune-related genes (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the head kidney, and gills was observed in the NP group. However, noticeable augmented levels of serum oxidant (malondialdehyde), liver enzymes (Alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase); and kidney biomarkers (creatinine and urea) were recorded in NP group. Extensive pathology revealed that NP induced damage to hepatocytes and renal epithelium and mononuclear cells infiltrations in hepato-renal tissues. Dietary intervention with SOLP reduced mortalities (20 %), restored the reduction in the growth and biochemical indicators, and recovered the histopathology, and gene down-regulation produced by NP. Accordingly, the current study recommended SOLP as a valuable dietary additive in aquaculture owing to its mitigating impacts against NP by improving growth and immune-antioxidant status and regenerating the histological structure with a better gene expression.