Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis Induced by Long-Term Exposure to Nano Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) Nanoparticles in Mice and Its Molecular Mechanism
Fashui Hong, Jianhui Ji, Xiao Ze, Yingjun Zhou, Yuguan Ze
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ), which are used in food production, may be harmful to the body. Long-term exposure to nano-TiO 2 can lead to hepatic injury; however, the effect of nano-TiO 2 on liver fibrosis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The TGF- β /Smad/MAPK/Wnt signaling pathway is important for tissue fibrosis. In this study, mice were fed nano-TiO 2 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight) for nine consecutive months to investigate its effect on liver fibrosis. Nano-TiO 2 induced hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatic fibrosis and upregulated the expression of HIF-1 α (+75-fold to +2.38-fold), Wnt3 (+12% to +135%), Wnt4 (1.33-fold to 6-fold), NF- κ B (+3.13% to +34.38%), TGF- β 1 (+1307-fold to +1.85-fold), TGF- β 1R (+0.8-fold to 1.33-fold), Smad-2 (+0.58-fold to +1.58-fold), ILK (+0.43-fold to +1.19-fold), ECM (+1.82-fold to 2.36-fold), calpain 2 (+0.11-fold to +0.78-fold), α -SMA (+0.63-fold to +1.56-fold), c-Myc (+0.27-fold to +0.46-fold), and collagen I (+8% to +36%), and increased the phosphorylation level of p38MAPK (+66.67% to +153.33%) in inflammatory and fibrotic liver tissues, whereas it downregulated cyclin D (–6.25% to –43.75%) and decreased the phosphorylation levels of GSK-3 β (–3.12% to –46.88%) and β -catenin (–19.57% to –45.65%). These results indicate that hepatic fibrosis induced by nano-TiO 2 is mediated by the TGF- β /Smads/MAPK/Wnt signaling pathway. This study provides insight into the mechanism underlying hepatic toxicity induced by nano-TiO 2 .