Immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment: Current state and future prospects
Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro, Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos, Hanna Santos Marques, Marcel Silva Luz, Luis Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Clara Faria Souza Mendes dos Santos, Karolaine da Costa Evangelista, Mariana Santos Calmon, Matheus Sande Loureiro, Fabrício Freire de Melo
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains as the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor, standing with a poor prognosis and treatment prospective. Despite the aggressive standard care, such as surgical resection and chemoradiation, median survival rates are low. In this regard, immunotherapeutic strategies aim to become more attractive for glioblastoma, considering its recent advances and approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status and progress in immunotherapy for glioblastoma, going through the fundamental knowledge on immune targeting to promising strategies, such as Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine-based treatment, oncolytic virus and vaccine-based techniques. At last, it is discussed innovative methods to overcome diverse challenges, and future perspectives in this area.