Nano/microplastics in indoor air: A critical review of synthesis routes for toxicity testing and preventative measure strategies
Mahshab Sheraz, Juhea Kim, Juhea Kim, Juran Kim, Juran Kim
Abstract
A future without plastic is difficult to imagine. Plastics are ubiquitous in every aspect of our lives, including cosmetics, clothing, packaging, toys, furniture, pigments, and carpets. Microplastic pollution of the oceans has had deadly consequences worldwide. However, few realize that micro-nanoplastics (MnPs) are also a significant contributor to airborne pollution. Indoor air pollution can be up to 100 times higher than outdoor air pollution. Every day, we inhale up to 130 small plastic particulates, and the concentration of MnPs in all environments is steadily rising. Several studies have investigated the presence of MnPs in aquatic environments, but few have focused on indoor airborne MnPs. This study aims to investigate the origins, movement patterns, and repercussions of airborne MnPs. Additionally, it seeks to understand the mechanisms through which MnPs can infiltrate living organisms and impact their various body parts, potentially resulting in multiple diseases and significant health risks. Here, we discuss the synthesis of micro-nanoplastic routes of different polymers to prepare nanoplastics for examination of their toxicological effects by in vivo and in vitro testing. We also propose a unique remediation method to control MnP particles in indoor air using DTA (detect, trap, and adsorb) technology. We have outlined a variety of effective materials that can trap and adsorb nanoplastics. We recommend fabricating air filters using electrospinning devices and employing these efficient materials to create multifunctional filters for use in commercial air purifiers. We encourage researchers to open new paths in this research to control MnPs in indoor air. In future research, environmental suitability can be achieved through the adoption of biodegradable fibers and by considering the use of nanobiomaterials. Additionally, the potential release of MnPs and addressing the issue of material detachment from air filters in future research endeavors.