Thermal gradient management in solid oxide fuel cells: Mechanisms, strategies, and future directions
Chen Lin, Florian Kerscher, H. Spliethoff
Abstract
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) offer high efficiency and fuel flexibility, representing a promising technology for clean power generation. However, thermal gradients within SOFC stacks remain a major challenge, as non-uniform temperature distribution can induce mechanical stress, accelerate material degradation, and compromise overall performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of heat transfer phenomena in SOFCs and systematically summarizes recent advancements in mitigating thermal gradients. Key strategies include optimization of operating parameters, flow channel and flow field design, integration of independent cooling systems, material modifications, and innovations in balance-of-plant (BOP) components. Temperature diagnostic techniques are also reviewed for their role in SOFC research and operation. A critical discussion is provided on the benefits and trade-offs of each method, with specific attention to scalability in commercial applications. Additionally, a comparative evaluation of temperature gradients before and after implementing these thermal management approaches is presented, offering a clear assessment of their effectiveness. Emerging approaches such as artificial intelligence-based control, inverse design, and system-level integration are also discussed as future research directions. This review enhances the understanding of temperature control mechanisms within SOFCs and provides practical guidance for improving the thermal stability in real-world applications.