Achieving urban ecosystem resilience: Static and dynamic attack simulation and cascading failure analysis of urban blue-green infrastructure networks
Xing Gao, Zihua Yuan, Xiao Liu, Fangtian Liu, Chenhuan Kou
Abstract
• Constructed the urban blue-green infrastructure network (BGIN) based on function and structure. • Simulated resilience changes in the urban BGIN under dynamic and static attack modes. • Improved the cascading failure model to analyze risk propagation in the urban BGIN. • Dynamic attack modes degrade network resilience faster than static ones. • Identified risk propagation paths, timing, scale, and high-risk nodes in the urban BGIN. Urban blue-green infrastructure network (BGINs), comprising ecological spaces such as water bodies, green areas, and connecting corridors, plays a vital role in reducing urban landscape fragmentation and enhancing ecological security. This study focuses on the Shijiazhung’s main urban area in China, and proposes a functional network-resilience assessment-cascading simulation framework. Guided by multifunctionality and structural connectivity principles, the study identifies BGI source areas and constructs the network. It then simulates the network’s resilience under random and deliberate attacks in both static and dynamic modes. A capacity-load cascading failure model identifies high-risk nodes and failure pathways. Results show that Shijiazhuang’s central urban BGIN comprises 140 corridors and 63 source areas. Nodes 26, 27, and 50 rank the highest in topological structure, while nodes 58, 44, and 57 are the most functionally critical. The network demonstrates moderate robustness under random attacks, whereas deliberate attacks, particularly those based on PageRank and betweenness centrality, cause the greatest damage. Under static attack modes, resilience declines in stages, whereas dynamic attacks lead to faster deterioration. Based on the speed and scale, nodes are classified into four risk levels. Failure pathways vary across nodes and often exhibit indirect propagation. This study broadens the application of cascading failure models in urban BGI and offers insights for resilience-oriented urban ecological optimization.