Combined In Situ X-ray Powder Diffractometry/Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Carbide and Carbon Species Evolution in Fe(−Na–S)/α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalysts during Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Pasi P. Paalanen, Sophie H. van Vreeswijk, Bert M. Weckhuysen
Abstract
A Na-S promoted Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst converts a H 2 /CO gas mixture into hydrocarbons with enriched C 2 -C 4 olefin content. Above 300 C, the carbondepositing Boudouard reaction competes with the FTS reaction for CO as reactant. By making use of a combined in situ X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD)/Raman spectroscopy setup, the simultaneous evolution of the Fe x O y /-Fe/Fe x C phases and various formed carbon species has been monitored at 340 C and 10 bar. CO carburized, Na-S promoted and unpromoted Fe(-Na-S)/-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were investigated. The various Fe phases present were quantified with Rietveld quantitative phase analysis (R-QPA) from the in situ collected XRPD patterns. The observed D-and G-bands in the in situ Raman spectra were analyzed for their relative intensities, band widths, and positions and compared to reference carbon materials. It was found that amorphous carbon with C sp 3 and C sp 2 in chain-like ordering evolved toward carbon nanofiber-like structures during FTS. Na-S promotion and initial CO carburization at temperatures 340 C led to an increased amount of cyclic sixfold C sp 2 species. Preliminary carbon deposits present in the catalysts decreased the initial fast increase of the Raman band intensities, while Na-S promotion increased Raman band intensity growth after the initial fast increase period. The carbon species evolution was unaffected by the presence of specific Fe carbides or by carbide-to-carbide transitions. Na-S promotion aided in the reduction of Fe 3 O 4 by (H 2 :)CO to carbon-depositing Fe carbides. The results obtained add to our further understanding on the role of Fe and carbon species during a high-temperature FTS reaction.