Fatal anaphylactic shock: A review of postmortem biomarkers and diagnostics
Nina Heldring, Lydia Bennedich Kahn, Brita Zilg
Abstract
Diagnosing anaphylactic shock postmortem is challenging since differential diagnoses exist and the forensic pathologist often faces subtle findings and lacks relevant information which prevents reaching an opinion of certainty. This review provides an overview of the literature covering research and existing recommendations on the postmortem diagnosis of anaphylactic shock. In order to harmonize the approach and provide guidance for diagnosing deaths from anaphylactic shock in the six forensic centers in Sweden, a guidance protocol aligned with the notion of a holistic view in the approach was devised. Areas in need of further studies include both immunohistological and biochemical investigations to stratify quantitative approaches based on condition and anaphylactic trigger and to lay the ground for and possibly establish alternative matrices.