Determination of AY 23 dye using magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with spectrophotometry: Application of greenness and blueness assessment tools

Abstract

• Development of a green and efficient MSPE-UV–Vis method for AY 23 dye determination in food samples. • Utilization of reusable GO-MNPs as adsorbents for enhanced extraction and concentration. • Excellent analytical performance with low LOD and LOQ, wide linear range, and high preconcentration factor. • Rapid and simple MSPE process requiring minimal solvent and time. • Confirmation of the method's greenness through AES, GAPI, AGREE, BAGI assessments. • Promising alternative to conventional methods for AY 23 dye analysis. This study developed an eco-friendly magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method coupled with spectrophotometry (MSPE-UV–Vis) for the preconcentration and determination of Acid Yellow 23 (AY 23) dye in syrup drink samples. Graphene oxide/cobalt oxide/iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (GO-MNPs) were synthesized via photo-irradiation and employed as adsorbents. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 0.2–5 mg/L, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0104 mg/L, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0314 mg/L, with good sensitive values of preconcentration factor (25) and enhancement factor (6). This highlights the successful extraction and concentration of AY 23 dye into a small volume of 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH through the MSPE process at 3 min. The kinetic experiment showed that the adsorption follows pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, while the isotherm experiment followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The application of greenness and blueness assessment tools (AES, GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI) confirmed that MSPE can be considered a green chemistry method. The proposed MSPE-UV–Vis method offers advantages such as low cost, simplicity, reduced solvent consumption, and minimal environmental impact, making it a promising alternative to conventional methods for AY 23 dye analysis.

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