Azadirachtin from Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Abdulrahman A. Almadiy, Mariam S. Al‐Ghamdi, Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil, Showket Ahmad Dar
Abstract
The scientific community is currently engaged in extensive research on plant extracts as a potential source of biocide for the protection of plants. The application of synthetic substances on a widespread basis has a detrimental impact on the agricultural ecosystem, non-target organisms, and human health, raising concerns about the potential for environmental harm. Therefore, there is a preference for less hazardous and more environmentally friendly substitute methods for synthetic substances. In light of the potential for plant-based substances to serve as chemotherapeutic agents for the management of agricultural diseases and pests, neem (Azadirachta indica) has emerged as a promising biological control option, exhibiting minimal adverse effects and high efficacy. The primary compound in neem, azadirachtin, has been demonstrated to exert a biocidal effect on a range of metabolic processes in pests, notably affecting chitin development, abnormal sexual communication, protein production, and physiological performance. In order to ascertain the efficacy of neem and associated formulations in the prevention of plant pests and diseases, this comprehensive assessment endeavors to collate all available scientific evidence. The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the mechanisms of action of neem biopesticides and their efficacy in the control of insect pests and diseases. Furthermore, the chapter will elucidate hitherto unexplored mechanisms of action of neem biopesticides, thereby establishing a robust foundation for future studies of crop protection.