Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood
Μαρία Γώγου, J. Helen Cross
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article highlights basic concepts of seizures and epilepsy in pediatric patients, as well as basic treatment principles for this age group. RECENT FINDINGS: Epilepsy is the most common neurologic disorder in childhood. Accurate diagnosis is key; in older children, epileptic seizures need to be differentiated from various paroxysmal nonepileptic events, whereas in neonates, the majority of seizures are subclinical (electroencephalographic). Antiseizure medications remain the first-line treatment, but ketogenic diet and epilepsy surgery have also shown positive outcomes and can decrease drug burden. Genetic causes account for approximately 30% of cases, and the recognition of electroclinical syndromes is being replaced by the concept of genetic spectrums. Precision medicine therapies are promising, but wide application in daily practice still has a long way to go. Early access to specialist centers and optimal treatments positively affects prognosis and future neurodevelopment. SUMMARY: Although novel findings from all fields of research are being incorporated into everyday clinical practice, a better quality of life for children with seizures and epilepsy and their families is the ultimate priority.