Effects of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria: A Systematic Review

Abstract

IntroductionIn recent years, the pharmaceutical sector has faced a growing imperative to develop treatments targeting biofilms produced by various bacterial species.It is widely recognised that existing traditional methods for bacterial biofilm removal, such as antibiotics, exhibit limited efficacy, with the presence of antibiotic resistance exacerbating this issue [1,2].In response to these challenges, researchers have increasingly turned to utilising various forms of nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches to combat bacterial biofilms, particularly in the field of pharmaceutical science [3,4].A biofilm is commonly defined as a cooperative assembly of stationary cells that adhere to each other and the substrate they are affixed to [5][6][7][8].The structure consists of one or more microorganisms encapsulated within a matrix, known as the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) or extracellular polymeric matrix.The interaction between metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (M/MO-NPs) and biofilm-forming bacteria has garnered significant interest due to its potential to combat microbial resistance and persistent infections.Nanoparticles, particularly those composed of M/MO-NPs, exhibit remarkable antimicrobial properties that offer promising avenues for disrupting biofilm structures formed by various bacterial strains [9,10].In recent years, many methods have been developed to introduce nanocomposites consisting of several oxides, significantly enhancing nanoparticles' antibacterial and antibiofilm properties [11,12].However, M/MO-NPs have been observed to exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the growth of many types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [13,14].These options have emerged as promising contenders in addressing the escalating worldwide concern of antibiotic resistance.Nevertheless, comprehensively understanding the mechanism of action of nanoparticles and choosing the most promising nanoparticle materials for future clinical translation persists as challenges due to the inherent variability in nanoparticle manufacturing and testing Biofilm formation by bacteria poses a significant challenge across diverse industries, displaying resilience against conventional antimicrobial agents.Nanoparticles emerge as a promising alternative for addressing biofilm-related issues.This review aims to assess the efficacy of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in inhibiting or disrupting biofilm formation by various bacterial species.It delineates trends, identifies gaps, and outlines avenues for future research, emphasizing best practices and optimal nanoparticles for biofilm prevention and eradication.Additionally, it underscores the potential of nanoparticles as substitutes for traditional antibiotics in healthcare and combating antibiotic resistance.A systematic literature search, encompassing Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 2015 to 2023, yielded 48 publications meeting the review criteria.These studies employed diverse methods to explore the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against biofilmforming bacteria strains.The implications of this study are profound, offering prospects for novel antimicrobial agents targeting biofilm-forming bacteria, often resistant to conventional antibiotics.In conclusion, nanoparticles present a promising frontier in countering biofilm-forming bacteria.This review delivers a structured analysis of current research, providing insights into the potential and challenges of nanoparticle utilization against biofilm-related challenges.While nanoparticles exhibit inherent antimicrobial properties with applications spanning healthcare, agriculture, and industries, the review acknowledges limitations such as the narrow scope of tested nanoparticles and the imperative need for extensive research on long-term toxicity and environmental impacts.

Topics & Concepts