Dimension Reduction Using Dual-Featured Auto-Encoder for the Histological Classification of Human Lungs Tissues
Amna Ashraf, Nazri Mohd Nawi, Tariq Shahzad, Muhammad Aamir, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Khmaies Ouahada
Abstract
Histopathology images are visual representations of tissue samples that have been processed and examined under a microscope in order to establish diagnoses for various disorders. These images are categorized by deep transfer learning due to the absence of big annotated datasets. There are some classifiers such as softmax and Support Vector Machine (SVM) used to perform multiple and binary classification respectively. Feature reduction for high dimensional images, is an emerging technique which can meet two basic criteria’s of classification i.e. it deals with over-fitting issue and it can also incredibly increase the classification accuracy. As disease diagnosis requires accurate histopathological image classification, so the proposed Dual Featured Auto-encoder (DFAE) based transfer learning is introduced with Triple Layered Convolutional Architecture. The Histological CIMA dataset is used after pre-processing by PHAT, a mathematical and computational framework to get spatial features as well as spectral features. In order to achieve the two objectives, the proposed integrated methodology uses reduced informative features from DFAE and fed them to Triple Layered Convolutional Architecture (TLCA). The conventional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), ResNet50, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are also tested against reduced dimensional image data but we found moderate or even low accuracies i.e. 25% for DFAE-ResNet50, 66% for DFAE-LSTM, 33% for DFAE-GRU and 67% for DFAE-CNN. While the accuracy of our proposed architecture Dual Featured Auto-encoder with TLCA (DFAE-TLCA) is better i.e. 96.07%. The proposed methodology has the potential to revolutionize the medical research.