Removal of Malachite Green Dye Using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as a Low-Cost Adsorbent
Rohani Mustapha, Asmadi Ali, G. Subramaniam, Anis Ayuni, A. A. A. Zuki, Mohamad Awang, Mohammad Harun, Sofiah Hamzah, S Karayunlu Bozbas, M Karabulut, S Chowdhury, R Mishra, P Saha, P Kushwaha, K Pavani, N Srujana, G Preethi, T Swati, M Mohamad, R Wannahari, R Mohammad, N Shoparwe, A Nawi, K Lun, L Wei, R Gong, Y Jin, F Chen, J Chen, Z Liu, J Meinertz, G Stehly, W Gingerich, J Allen, S Zadvarzi, M Khavarpour, S Vahdat, S Baghbanian, A Rad, A Panandiker, C Fernandes, T Gundu Rao, K Kesava Rao, N Rizk, A Eldourghamy, S Aly, S Sabae, A Sobhy, A Zaghloul, M Abali, A Ichou, R Benhiti, A Soudani, O Bello, O Alao, T Alagbada, O Agboola, O Omotoba, O Abikoye, B Ik, V Urakan, K Putri, S Kaewpichai, A Keereerak, W Chinpa, X Tang, G Ran, J Li, Z Zhang, C Xiang, S Chang, R Naseer, N Afzal, H Zulfiqar-Ul, S Saeed, H Mujhahid, S Faryal, S Aslam, R Habib-Ur, N Asim, M Amin, M Alghoul, S Sulaiman, H Razali, M Akhtaruzzaman, N Amin, K Sopian, A Ebrahimian Pirbazari, E Saberikhah, M Badrouh, M Emami, Y Djilali, E Elandaloussi, A Aziz, L.-C De Mnorval, S Chakraborty, S Chowdhury, P Das Saha, P Pathak, S Mandavgane
Abstract
This present work is aimed to investigate the potential use of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye. The untreated and treated palm oil empty fruit bunch characteristics were studied using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of initial concentration (20-100 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.2-1.0 g) on the adsorption process were investigated to remove malachite green dye by batch adsorption method. Results show high-performance removal of dye for untreated and treated EFB with the adsorptive removal of 88.3% and 94.5% of the initial concentration and 80.84% and 88.07% of the adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results satisfactorily fitted with Langmuir isotherm revealed that monolayer adsorption mechanisms occurred on the EFB adsorbent surface. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were 714.3 mg/g and 1250 mg/g for untreated and treated EFB adsorbents, respectively. The overall results indicate that the treated EFB by alkaline method could be used as a promising low-cost adsorbent to remove the malachite green dye.