Evaluation of Fracture Toughness, Color Stability, and Sorption Solubility of a Fabricated Novel Glass Ionomer Nano Zirconia-Silica-Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Composite Material
Sami Aldhuwayhi, Arbaz Sajjad, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar, Dasmawati Mohamad, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan, Imran Alam Moheet
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding a nano zirconia-silica-hydroxyapatite (nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA) composite synthesized using a one-pot sol-gel technique to a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), which was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Following the characterization studies, further investigations were carried out after the addition of nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA to cGIC (GIC nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA) at various percentages (~5% to 9%) to compare their fracture toughness, color stability, and sorption- solubility in relation to cGIC (Fuji IX). The XRD diffractogram indicated the presence of peaks for ZrO2, SiO2, and HA. The fracture toughness of GIC 5%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA was statistically higher than that of other percentages of GIC nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA and cGIC. The highest values recorded were fracture toughness ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mn>1.35</a:mn> <a:mo>±</a:mo> <a:mn>0.15</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mtext>MPa</a:mtext> <a:mo>.</a:mo> <a:msup> <a:mrow> <a:mtext>m</a:mtext> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mn>1</a:mn> <a:mo>/</a:mo> <a:mn>2</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:msup> </a:math> ), leading to an increase of ∼57%, as compared to cGIC. Overall, the color change ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>Δ</c:mi> <c:mi>E</c:mi> </c:math> ) values for GIC 5% nano Zr-Si-HA group were lower than those of cGIC over a one-month period and were between slight and perceptible. In addition, GIC 5%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA recorded lower sorption values ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mn>23.64</e:mn> <e:mo>±</e:mo> <e:mn>2.3</e:mn> <e:mtext> </e:mtext> <e:mi>μ</e:mi> <e:mtext>gm</e:mtext> <e:msup> <e:mrow> <e:mtext>m</e:mtext> </e:mrow> <e:mrow> <e:mo>−</e:mo> <e:mn>3</e:mn> </e:mrow> </e:msup> </e:math> ) as compared to cGIC ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mn>36.28</g:mn> <g:mo>±</g:mo> <g:mn>2.6</g:mn> <g:mtext> </g:mtext> <g:mi>μ</g:mi> <g:mtext>gm</g:mtext> <g:msup> <g:mrow> <g:mtext>m</g:mtext> </g:mrow> <g:mrow> <g:mo>−</g:mo> <g:mn>3</g:mn> </g:mrow> </g:msup> </g:math> ) and higher solubility ( <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mn>66.46</i:mn> <i:mo>±</i:mo> <i:mn>2.4</i:mn> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mi>μ</i:mi> <i:mtext>gm</i:mtext> <i:msup> <i:mrow> <i:mtext>m</i:mtext> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mo>−</i:mo> <i:mn>3</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msup> </i:math> ) as compared to cGIC ( <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mn>56.76</k:mn> <k:mo>±</k:mo> <k:mn>1.6</k:mn> <k:mtext> </k:mtext> <k:mi>μ</k:mi> <k:mtext>gm</k:mtext> <k:msup> <k:mrow> <k:mtext>m</k:mtext> </k:mrow> <k:mrow> <k:mo>−</k:mo> <k:mn>3</k:mn> </k:mrow> </k:msup> </k:math> ). The addition of nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA to cGIC significantly enhanced its physicomechanical properties. Based on the results of our study, GIC nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA has the potential to be suggested as a restorative dental material with diverse applications ranging from cavity restoration, core build-up, and as a luting material.