Scalable non-mode selective Hermite–Gaussian mode multiplexer based on multi-plane light conversion
He Wen, Yuanhang Zhang, Rachel Sampson, Nicolas K. Fontaine, Ning Wang, Shengli Fan, Guifang Li
Abstract
Non-mode-selective (NMS) multiplexers (muxes) are highly desirable for coherent power combining to produce a high-power beam with a shaped profile (wavefront synthesis) from discrete, phase-locked emitters. We propose a design for a multi-plane light conversion (MPLC)-based NMS mux, which requires only a few phase masks for coherently combining hundreds of discrete input beams into an output beam consisting of hundreds of Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes. The combination of HG modes as a base can further construct a beam with arbitrary wavefront. The low number of phase masks is attributed to the identical zero-crossing structure of the Hadamard-coded input arrays and of the output HG modes, enabling the practicality of such devices. An NMS mux supporting 256 HG modes is designed using only seven phase masks, and achieves an insertion loss of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo form="prefix">−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.6</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>dB</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , mode-dependent loss of 4.7 dB, and average total mode crosstalk of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo form="prefix">−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.4</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>dB</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Additionally, this design, featuring equal power for all input beams, enables phase-only control in coherent power combining, resulting in significant simplifications and fast convergence compared with phase-and-amplitude control.