ATG12 deficiency results in intracellular glutamine depletion, abrogation of tumor hypoxia and a favorable prognosis in cancer
Tom G. Keulers, Alexander Koch, Marike W. van Gisbergen, Lydie M.O. Barbeau, Marijke I. Zonneveld, Monique C. de Jong, Kim G.M. Savelkouls, Roel G. Wanders, Johan Bussink, Veerle Melotte, Kasper M.A. Rouschop
Abstract
ARCON:accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide; ATG: autophagy related; BrdUrd: bromodeoxyuridine; CA9/CAIX: carbonic anhydrase 9; HIF1A/HIF1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HPV: human papilloma virus; HR: hazard ratio; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 member 1; TCGA: the Cancer Genome Atlas; TME: tumor microenvironment; UTR: untranslated region; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.