Vaginal bacterial load in the second trimester is associated with early preterm birth recurrence: a nested case–control study
Laura Goodfellow, MC Verwijs, Angharad Care, Andrew Sharp, Jelena Ivandić, Borna Poljak, Donald F. Roberts, Christina Bronowski, AC Gill, AC Darby, Ana Alfirevic, B Muller‐Myhsok, Žarko Alfirević, Janneke van de Wijgert
Abstract
Objective To assess the association between vaginal microbiome (VMB) composition and recurrent early spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB)/preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM). Design Nested case–control study. Setting UK tertiary referral hospital. Sample High‐risk women with previous sPTB/PPROM <34 +0 weeks’ gestation who had a recurrence ( n = 22) or delivered at ≥37 +0 weeks without PPROM ( n = 87). Methods Vaginal swabs collected between 15 and 22 weeks’ gestation were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 16S quantitative PCR. Main outcome measure Recurrent early sPTB/PPROM. Results Of the 109 high‐risk women, 28 had anaerobic vaginal dysbiosis, with the remainder dominated by lactobacilli ( Lactobacillus iners 36/109, Lactobacillus crispatus 23/109, or other 22/109). VMB type and diversity were not associated with recurrence. Women with a recurrence, compared to those without, had a higher median vaginal bacterial load (8.64 versus 7.89 log 10 cells/mcl, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.90, 95% CI 1.01–3.56, P = 0.047) and estimated Lactobacillus concentration (8.59 versus 7.48 log 10 cells/mcl, aOR 2.35, (95% CI 1.20–4.61, P = 0.013). A higher recurrence risk was associated with higher median bacterial loads for each VMB type after stratification, although statistical significance was reached only for L. iners domination (aOR 3.44, 95% CI 1.06–11.15, P = 0.040). Women with anaerobic dysbiosis or L. iners domination had a higher median vaginal bacterial load than women with a VMB dominated by L. crispatus or other lactobacilli (8.54, 7.96, 7.63, and 7.53 log 10 cells/mcl, respectively). Conclusions Vaginal bacterial load is associated with early sPTB/PPROM recurrence. Domination by lactobacilli other than L. iners may protect women from developing high bacterial loads. Future PTB studies should quantify vaginal bacteria and yeasts. Tweetable abstract Increased vaginal bacterial load in the second trimester may be associated with recurrent early spontaneous preterm birth.