A review: electrochemical analysis and application of anticancer drugs with MIP-based sensors and nanosensors
Seyda Nur Samancı, Göksu Özçelikay-Akyıldız, Síbel A. Özkan
Abstract
Cancer is caused by cell abnormalities resulting from genetic or epigenetic changes, which can lead to structural alterations. These negative alterations occur uncontrollably and at an accelerated rate in cancer cells. According to 2018 databases, lung, prostate, liver, stomach, and colorectal cancers are widely popular in males, while cervical, lung, breast, colorectal, and thyroid cancers are widely seen in females. There are many cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and combination systems. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents, which serve as anticancer treatments, are becoming increasingly resistant to both single-drug and multi-drug therapies. Chromatographic, optical, and electrochemical methods are used to analyze the anticancer drugs. Nanosensors and molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors are two of the most used electrochemical techniques for determining drugs. Nanomaterials are known for their high electrical conductivity and extensive surface area, making them ideal for electrode surface modification. Incorporating these materials can significantly improve the electron transfer rate and electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical sensors often incorporate molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to boost selectivity and amplify their benefits, which include sensitivity, affordability, and user-friendliness. These MIP-based sensors comprise synthetic polymer receptors called ‘artificial antibodies’ that are analogous to antibody-antigen connections. This review focuses on anti-cancer drugs and discusses MIP-based electrochemical sensors, nanosensor strategies, and studies developed to determine anticancer drugs. All related information about these developed sensors’ analyte, sensor, voltammetric technique, linear range, RSD%, medium, recovery and sensitivity are given in detail. In conclusion, the recent advancements in nanosensors and MIP-based electrochemical sensors are discussed, including current challenges and future prospects.