A review on hybrid nanofluids for heat transfer: advancements, synthesis, challenges and applications
Sujata Kalsi, Sunil Kumar, Anil Kumar, Tabish Alam, Abhishek Sharma, Anil Singh Yadav
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive analysis of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs), with a focus on their synthesis techniques, recent advancements, challenges, and diverse applications. Also discuss with literature review parts on combining multiple nanoparticles overcomes key limitations of conventional nanofluids, particularly in terms of stability, scalability, and thermal performance. The study highlights advanced synthesis methods that enhance HNF properties and discusses their applications across the automotive industry, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, advancement renewable energy technologies, and manufacturing processes. It also addresses challenges related to economic feasibility and performance variability under different working conditions. By outlining the current state and transformative potential of HNFs in various heat transfer applications, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers, while offering direction for future investigations in this emerging field.