Prediabetes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: Investigating the roles of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the Lifelines cohort study
Sonya S. Deschênes, Amy McInerney, Finiki Nearchou, Brendan Byrne, Arie Nouwen, Norbert Schmitz
Abstract
Abstract Aims Depression and anxiety may increase the risk of progressing from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. The present study examined the interactions between prediabetes status and elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods Participants ( N = 72,428) were adults aged 40 years and above without diabetes at baseline from the Lifelines Cohort Study (58% female; mean age = 51.4 years). The Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview screened for elevated symptoms of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c ) levels determined prediabetes status at baseline (2007–2013), and HbA 1c and self‐reported diabetes diagnoses determined diabetes status at follow‐up (2014–2017). Groups were formed for elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, and prediabetes status at baseline (elevated depressive/anxiety symptoms with prediabetes, elevated depressive/anxiety symptoms alone, and prediabetes alone), and compared to a reference group (no prediabetes or anxiety/depression) on the likelihood of developing diabetes during the follow‐up period. Results N = 1300 (1.8%) participants developed diabetes. While prediabetes alone was associated with incident diabetes (OR = 5.94; 95% CI = 5.10–6.90, p < 0.001), the group with combined prediabetes and depressive symptoms had the highest likelihood of developing diabetes over follow‐up (OR = 8.29; 95% CI = 5.58–12.32, p < 0.001). Similar results were found for prediabetes and anxiety symptoms (OR = 6.57; 95% CI = 4.62–9.33, p < 0.001), compared to prediabetes alone (OR = 6.09; 95% CI = 5.23–7.11, p < 0.001), though with a smaller effect. The interaction between depressive symptoms and prediabetes was synergistic in age‐and‐sex adjusted analyses. Conclusions Individuals with elevated depressive, and to some extent anxiety, symptoms in combination with prediabetes may represent a high‐risk subgroup for type 2 diabetes.