Genotoxic effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on human lymphocytes
Juana Sánchez-Alarcón, Mirta Milić, Stefano Bonassi, María Isabel Álvarez Núñez, Guillermo Alejandro Higareda Campos, Eder José Ordoñez-Frías, Rafael Valencia‐Quintana
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have diverse applications across multiple fields, particularly biomedicine, due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, concerns remain about their potential adverse biological effects, especially genotoxicity. While AgNPs' toxicity has been studied, research on their genotoxic potential remains limited and controversial. This study used the alkaline comet assay to assess the ability of green-synthesized gAgNPs to induce DNA damage in cultured human lymphocytes. gAgNPs were synthesised by a reduction process monitored through colorimetry (green method- Ag⁺ reduction from AgNO₃, Reasol®, 99.98% purity, with green tea infusions, Lagg’s®). Characterisation was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming formation, stability, spherical morphology, and a size range from 20 to 100 nm. Blood samples from three donors were exposed for 30 minutes to three different concentrations. gAgNPs induced DNA damage concentration-dependently, with a statistically significant increase in genotoxic effects, suggesting that they may generate oxidative stress and compromise genetic integrity. Despite the advantages of green synthesis, these findings raise concerns about the biological safety of AgNPs. Further studies are needed to understand their long-term health and environmental impacts fully. Continuous monitoring of materials containing these nanoparticles is recommended to mitigate potential genotoxic risks.