Clean vehicles, polluted waters: empirical estimates of water consumption and pollution loads of the carwash industry
Isaac Monney, Emmanuel A. Donkor, R. Buamah
Abstract
CFU/100mL). Pollution loads of BOD and COD were up to 2tons/year and 6tons/year respectively. Stipulated effluent discharge guideline values were mostly exceeded - in some cases by up to 68 times. To avert the unbridled wastage of freshwater, the study recommends enforcement of wastewater recycling for all carwash stations and promulgation of a tax system that rewards stations that recycle wastewater and surchages those wasting freshwater.
Topics & Concepts
PollutionEnvironmental scienceWater pollutionWater consumptionConsumption (sociology)Environmental engineeringEnvironmental protectionNatural resource economicsEnvironmental chemistryEconomicsEcologyBiologyChemistrySocial scienceSociologyGroundwater and Isotope GeochemistryWater Quality and Pollution AssessmentWater resources management and optimization