Expanded encyclopaedias of DNA elements in the human and mouse genomes
Federico Abascal, Reyes Acosta, Nicholas J. Addleman, Jessika Adrian, Veena Afzal, Rizi Ai, Bronwen Aken, Jennifer A. Akiyama, Omar Al Jammal, Henry Amrhein, Stacie M. Anderson, Gregory R. Andrews, Igor Antoshechkin, Kristin Ardlie, Joel Armstrong, Matthew Astley, Budhaditya Banerjee, Amira Barkal, If H. A. Barnes, Iros Barozzi, Daniel Barrell, Gemma Barson, Daniel J. Bates, Ulugbek K. Baymuradov, Cassandra Bazile, M Beer, Samantha Beik, M. A. Bender, Ruth Bennett, Louis Philip Benoit Bouvrette, B Bernstein, Andrew Berry, Anand Bhaskar, Alexandra Bignell, Steven M. Blue, David M. Bodine, Carles A. Boix, Nathan Boley, Tyler Borrman, Beatrice Borsari, Alan P. Boyle, Laurel A. Brandsmeier, Alessandra Breschi, Emery H. Bresnick, Jason A. Brooks, Michael Buckley, Christopher B. Burge, Rachel Byron, Eileen Cahill, Lingling Cai, Lulu Cao, Mark Carty, Rosa G. Castanon, Andres Castillo, Hassan Chaı̈b, Esther T. Chan, Daniel R. Chee, Sora Chee, Hao Chen, Huaming Chen, Jiayu Chen, Songjie Chen, J. Michael Cherry, Surya B. Chhetri, Jyoti S. Choudhary, Jacqueline Chrast, Dongjun Chung, Declan Clarke, Neal Cody, Candice J. Coppola, Julie Coursen, Anthony D’Ippolito, Stephen Dalton, Cassidy Danyko, Claire Davidson, José Dávila-Velderrain, Carrie Davis, Job Dekker, Alden Deran, Gilberto DeSalvo, Gloria Despacio-Reyes, Colin N. Dewey, Diane E. Dickel, Morgan Diegel, Mark Diekhans, Vishnu Dileep, Bo Ding, Sarah Djebali, Alexander Dobin, Daniel Domı́nguez, Sarah Donaldson, Jörg Drenkow, Timothy R. Dreszer, Yotam Drier, Michael O. Duff, Douglass Dunn, Catharine Eastman, Joseph R. Ecker, Matthew D. Edwards, Nicole El-Ali
Abstract
Abstract The human and mouse genomes contain instructions that specify RNAs and proteins and govern the timing, magnitude, and cellular context of their production. To better delineate these elements, phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project has expanded analysis of the cell and tissue repertoires of RNA transcription, chromatin structure and modification, DNA methylation, chromatin looping, and occupancy by transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins. Here we summarize these efforts, which have produced 5,992 new experimental datasets, including systematic determinations across mouse fetal development. All data are available through the ENCODE data portal ( https://www.encodeproject.org ), including phase II ENCODE 1 and Roadmap Epigenomics 2 data. We have developed a registry of 926,535 human and 339,815 mouse candidate cis -regulatory elements, covering 7.9 and 3.4% of their respective genomes, by integrating selected datatypes associated with gene regulation, and constructed a web-based server (SCREEN; http://screen.encodeproject.org ) to provide flexible, user-defined access to this resource. Collectively, the ENCODE data and registry provide an expansive resource for the scientific community to build a better understanding of the organization and function of the human and mouse genomes.