Evapotranspiration Climatology of Indiana Using In Situ and Remotely Sensed Products
Dev Niyogi, Sajad Jamshidi, David Smith, Olivia Kellner
Abstract
Abstract An intercomparison of multiresolution evapotranspiration (ET) datasets with reference to ground-based measurements for the development of regional reference (ET ref ) and actual (ET a ) evapotranspiration maps over Indiana is presented. A representative ET ref equation for the state is identified by evaluating 10 years of in situ measurements (2009–19). A statewide ET ref climatology is developed using the ET ref equation and high-resolution surface meteorological data from the gridded surface meteorological dataset (gridMET). For ET a analyses, MODIS, Simplified Surface Energy Balance Operational dataset (SSEBop), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) (versions 3.3a and 3.3b), and NLDAS (Noah and VIC) datasets are evaluated using AmeriFlux data. Thirty years of rainfall data from Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Data Rainfall (CHIRPS) are used with the ET datasets to develop effective precipitation fields. Results show that the standardized Penman–Monteith equation performs as the best ET ref equation with median symmetric accuracy (MSA) of 0.37, Taylor’s skill score (TSC) of 0.89, and r 2 = 0.83. The analysis shows that the gridMET dataset overestimates wind speed and requires adjustment before a series of statewide ET ref climatology maps are generated (1990–2020). For ET a , the MODIS and GLEAM (3.3b) datasets outperform the rest, with MSA = 0.5, TSC = 0.8, and r 2 = 0.8. The state ET a dataset is generated using all MODIS data from 2003 and blending the MODIS data with GLEAM (3.3b) to cover data unavailability. Using the top-performing datasets, annual ET ref for Indiana is computed as 1110 mm, ET a as 708 mm, and precipitation as 1091 mm. A marginal increasing climatological trend is found for Indiana’s ET ref (0.013 mm yr −1 ) while ET a is found to be relatively stable. The state’s water availability, defined as rainfall minus ET a , has remained positive and stable at 0.99 mm day −1 (annual magnitude of +3820 mm).