Prominent Intrinsic Proton Conduction in Two Robust Zr/Hf Metal–Organic Frameworks Assembled by Bithiophene Dicarboxylate
Yu-Ling Hong, Zhenhua Xu, Jun Du, Zhi‐Qiang Shi, Yi-Hao Zuo, Hailiang Hu, Gang Li
Abstract
To date, developing crystalline proton-conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with an inherent excellent proton-conducting ability and structural stability has been a critical priority in addressing the technologies required for sustainable development and energy storage. Bearing this in mind, a multifunctional organic ligand, 3,4-dimethylthiophene[2,3- b ]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (H 2 DTD), was employed to generate two exceptionally stable three-dimensional porous Zr/Hf MOFs, [Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (DTD) 6 ]·5DMF·H 2 O ( Zr-DTD ) and [Hf 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (DTD) 6 ]·4DMF·H 2 O (Hf-DTD ), using solvothermal means. The presence of Zr 6 or Hf 6 nodes, strong Zr/Hf–O bonds, the electrical influence of the methyl group, and the steric effect of the thiophene unit all contribute to their structural stability throughout a wide pH range as well as in water. Their proton conductivity was fully examined at various relative humidities (RHs) and temperatures. Creating intricate and rich H-bonded networks between the guest water molecules, coordination solvent molecules, thiophene-S, –COOH, and –OH units within the framework assisted proton transfer. As a result, both MOFs manifest the maximum proton conductivity of 0.67 × 10 –2 and 4.85 × 10 –3 S·cm –1 under 98% RH/100 °C, making them the top-performing proton-conductive Zr/Hf-MOFs. Finally, by combining structural characteristics and activation energies, potential proton conduction pathways for the two MOFs were identified.