Electrocatalytic Semihydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes Using Ligand-Based Transfer of Protons and Electrons
Maia E. Czaikowski, Sophie W. Anferov, Alex P. Tascher, John S. Anderson
Abstract
Alkyne semihydrogenation is a broadly important transformation in chemical synthesis. Here, we introduce an electrochemical method for the selective semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes using a dihydrazonopyrrole Ni complex capable of storing an H 2 equivalent (2H + + 2e – ) on the ligand backbone. This method is chemoselective for the semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes over internal alkynes or alkenes. Mechanistic studies reveal that the transformation is concerted and Z-selective. Calculations support a ligand-based hydrogen-atom transfer pathway instead of a hydride mechanism, which is commonly invoked for transition metal hydrogenation catalysts. The synthesis of the proposed intermediates demonstrates that the catalytic mechanism proceeds through a reduced formal Ni(I) species. The high yields for terminal alkene products without over-reduction or oligomerization are among the best reported for any homogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, the metal–ligand cooperative hydrogen transfer enabled with this system directs the efficient flow of H atom equivalents toward alkyne reduction rather than hydrogen evolution, providing a blueprint for applying similar strategies toward a wide range of electroreductive transformations.