Potential Biological Remediation Strategies for Removing Perchlorate from Martian Regolith
Gina Misra, William E. Smith, Madeline Garner, Rafael Loureiro
Abstract
This article aims to inform the development of biological perchlorate remediation schemes for the preparation of safer human Mars habitats and contaminant-free in situ resource utilization (ISRU) for crop production in these settings. No prior studies have attempted to remediate perchlorate from Martian regolith simulants. Thus, we draw from previous work on soil, sediment, and water biological remediation that we determined to be most relevant to Martian applications. Approaches include phytoremediation and microbial remediation. Phytoremediation utilizes terrestrial and aquatic plants for perchlorate removal, occurring by 3 different mechanisms: phytoaccumulation, phytodegradation, and rhizodegradation. We suggest potential plant candidates for phytoremediation. We discuss known microbial remediation processes utilizing both rhizosphere-derived microorganisms and extremophiles, and the most likely microorganism candidates for a successful microbial remediation of Martian regolith considering the harsh Martian environment. We also briefly discuss the economic implications of perchlorate remediation for ISRU farming viability. We recommend this article as a reference for future attempts to successfully and cost-effectively develop biological remediation technologies to remove perchlorate from Martian regolith, improving the viability of ISRU crop production.