Polyphenol-functionalized biosensors for real-time monitoring of oxidative stress and inflammation
Hao Chen, Hui Jia, Wei Wang, Quan-Ying Cai, Jian Sun, Cui Cui
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are pivotal in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Traditional diagnostic tools offer only static measurements, failing to capture the dynamic nature of these biological processes. This study aims to develop electrochemical biosensors functionalized with polyphenols or polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) like laccase and tyrosinase for real-time monitoring of oxidative stress and inflammation. The biosensors employ techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and amperometry for detection. Incorporation of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) enhances enzyme immobilization, signal sensitivity, and surface conductivity, thereby optimizing sensor performance. The developed biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity in detecting oxidative and inflammatory markers. For instance, a laccase-based biosensor achieved a detection limit of 0.08 μM for dopamine with a linear range of 0.25–76.81 μM. Co-immobilization of laccase and tyrosinase enhanced sensitivity for catechin detection from 0.207 μA/mM to 0.435 μA/mM. Additionally, the biosensors exhibited rapid response times, with some achieving stable readings within 30 s. Challenges include the inherent instability and low bioavailability of polyphenols, potential enzyme degradation, and interference from complex biological matrices. Future research should focus on advanced materials for enzyme stabilization, miniaturization for point-of-care applications, and integration with wearable technologies to enhance sensor reliability and usability in clinical settings. Polyphenol-based biosensors, augmented with nanotechnology and electrochemical sensing methods, offer a promising approach for continuous, real-time monitoring of oxidative stress and inflammation. Their high sensitivity, rapid response, and potential for miniaturization position them as valuable tools in diagnostics and disease management. • In wound healing, hydrogels incorporated with polydopamine (PDA) containing antioxidant catechol groups reduced wound inflammation by affecting the expression of IL - 6 and TNF - α. • Polyphenols exert anticancer effects via multiple mechanisms. • There is evidence from numerous studies of a connection between polyphenol consumption and cancer biology prevention. • Polyphenols can influence carcinogenesis through various methods. • Modulating signaling pathways is one of the important mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their anticancer effects.