Protein engineering as a driver of innovation in therapeutics biotechnology and the global bioeconomy
Miapeh Kous Gonlepa, Tolulope Bolanle Osotuyi, Chidinmma Grace Ofuonye, Olanrewaju Ayodeji Durojaye
Abstract
Protein engineering has emerged as a transformative force in biotechnology, enabling breakthroughs in therapeutics, agriculture, and industrial applications through rational design, directed evolution, and AI-driven innovation. This review examines the expanding role of protein engineering across the global bioeconomy, analyzing its commercial potential, investment trends, and policy challenges. From blockbuster biologics to sustainable biocatalysts, engineered proteins are reshaping markets, with the sector projected to exceed $500 billion by 2035. The article explores key business implications, including the competitive strategies of startups versus Big Pharma, the financial appeal of platform technologies, and the growing influence of venture capital and public funding. It also addresses critical policy and ethical considerations, such as intellectual property disputes, biosecurity risks, and regulatory harmonization, that will shape the field’s trajectory. Designed for decision-makers in management, finance, and innovation, this review provides strategic insights for navigating the opportunities and disruptions ahead, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to bridge science, economics, and governance. As protein engineering transitions from lab-scale innovation to industrial-scale impact, stakeholders must understand its economic drivers and societal implications to capitalize on this technological revolution.