On the formation and stability mechanisms of diverse lipid-based nanostructures for drug delivery
Rohan Shah, Snehal Jadhav, Gary Bryant, Indu Pal Kaur, Ian H. Harding
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of nanotechnology and pharmaceuticals, lipid nanostructures have emerged as pivotal areas of research due to their unique ability to mimic biological membranes and encapsulate active molecules. These nanostructures offer promising avenues for drug delivery, vaccine development, and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review explores the complex mechanisms underlying the formation and stability of various lipid nanostructures, including lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles. Drawing upon a wide array of studies, we integrate current knowledge on the physicochemical properties of lipids that contribute to nanostructure formation, such as lipid composition, charge, and the role of environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength. We further discuss the stabilisation mechanisms that preserve the integrity and functionality of these nanostructures in biological systems, highlighting the influence of surface modification, PEGylation, and the incorporation of stabilising agents. Through a methodical examination of both classical theories and cutting-edge research, our review highlights the critical factors that dictate the self-assembly of lipids into nanostructures, the dynamics of their formation, and the interplay between different stabilising forces. The implications of these insights for the design of lipid-based delivery systems are vast, offering the potential to enhance the bioavailability of therapeutics, target specific tissues or cells, and minimise adverse effects. The integration of lipid nanostructures in pharmaceutical nanotechnology not only stands to revolutionise the delivery of therapeutic agents but also paves the way for innovative applications in targeted therapy, personalised medicine, and vaccine adjuvant development. By bridging the gap between fundamental biophysical studies and applied research, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on lipid nanostructures, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to harness their full potential.